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The were a series of reactionary policy changes and edicts which were intended to cure a range of perceived problems which had developed in mid-18th century Tokugawa Japan.〔In the name "''Kansei'' Reforms," the noun "''Kansei''" refers to the ''nengō'' (Japanese era name) after "''Tenmei''" and before "''Kyōwa''." In other words, the ''Kansei'' Reforms occurred during ''Kansei'', which was a time period spanning the years from 1789 through 1801.〕 Matsudaira Sadanobu was named the Shogun's chief councilor (''rōjū'') in the summer of 1787; and early in the next year, he became the regent for the 11th shogun, Tokugawa Ienari.〔Totman, Conrad. ''Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988, p. 224〕 As the chief administrative decision-maker in the ''bakufu'' hierarchy, he was in a position to effect radical change; and his initial actions represented an aggressive break with the recent past. Sadanobu's efforts were focused on strengthening the government by reversing many of the policies and practices which had become commonplace under the regime of the previous shogun, Tokugawa Ieharu. The broad panoply of changes and new initiatives became known as the Kansei Reforms. Sadanobu's policies could be interpreted as a reactionary response to the excesses of his ''rōju'' predecessor, Tanuma Okitsugu.〔Hall, J. (1955). ''Tanuma Okitsugu: Forerunner of Modern Japan, 1719-1788.'' pp. 131-142.〕 The result was that the Tanuma-initiated, liberalizing reforms within the ''bakufu'' and the relaxation of ''sakoku'' (Japan's "closed-door" policy of strict control of foreign merchants) were reversed or blocked.〔Screech, T. (2006). ''Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822,'' pp. 148-151, 163-170, 248.〕 This reform movement was accompanied by three others during the Edo period: the Kyōhō reforms (1716–1736), the Tenpō reforms of the 1830s and the Keiō reforms (1866–1867).〔Traugott, Mark. (1995). ( ''Repertoires and Cycles of Collective Action,'' p. 147. )〕 ==Chronology== The shogunate's interventions were only partly successful. Intervening factors like famine, floods and other disasters exacerbated some of the conditions which the shogun intended to ameliorate. * 1790 (''Kansei 2''): The shogunate issues an edict addressed to Hayashi Kinpō, the rector of the Edo Confucian Academy -- "The Kansei Prohibition of Heterodox Studies" (''kansei igaku no kin'').〔Nosco, Peter. (1997). ''Confucianism and Tokugawa Culture,'' p. 20.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Kansei Reforms」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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